During our first year at the Faculty of Architecture, we were introduced to the fundamental definition of architecture through the writings of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the renowned Roman architect and author from the 1st century BC. To our surprise, we learned that ancient architects were not only expected to collaborate with various disciplines—as emphasized in modern architectural education—but were also required to have a deep understanding of diverse fields such as astronomy, sociology, psychology, and even pharmacy. What was perhaps not explicitly stated to us is that architects of the past were deeply learned individuals, trained across a wide range of disciplines rooted in ancient teachings.

One such exceptional figure was Mimar Sinan, often referred to as “Great Sinan,” whose work embodies the essence of this multidisciplinary wisdom. Sinan’s mastery in astronomy is famously reflected in his design of the two Mihrimah Sultan Mosques located in Üsküdar and Edirnekapı. He positioned them so precisely that, on specific days of the year, the sun sets behind one while the moon rises behind the other—an extraordinary alignment that continues to inspire awe.

Sunlight on iterior facade of Mihrimah Mosque in Edirnekapı, Istanbul, by Sinan the Architect (photos taken by author).

Sundial (solar clock) on the outer facade of Mihrimah Mosque in Uskudar, Istanbul (photo taken by the author).

As I have highlighted in my previous articles discussing the importance of a sustainable lifestyle, Sinan’s works also showcase remarkable examples of passive architectural solutions. Long before the advent of costly electronic systems and the high energy consumption they entail, Sinan applied his profound knowledge of mathematics, geometry and material science to create sophisticated passive acoustic systems. One notable example is the Süleymaniye Mosque, where he tested the mosque’s acoustics by bubbling a hookah under its grand dome—an ingenious, low-tech method that exemplifies his scientific approach to sound distribution. The shape and geometry of these buildings were not arbitrary; they were a direct and natural result of needs, such as achieving ideal passive acoustics.

Magnificent views of The Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul, by Sinan the Architect (photos taken by author).

Beyond acoustics, Sinan and his contemporaries implemented passive heating, cooling, and ventilation systems—solutions that offered comfort without relying on the energy-intensive air conditioning systems we use today.

In an era marked by climate change, water scarcity, and economic strain, sustainability is more important than ever. While we continue to embrace technology and the convenience of electronic devices, it is crucial to revisit and learn from historical models of efficiency. Our collective goal should be to minimize reliance on active systems and to raise awareness—again and again—of the enduring wisdom and practicality of passive architectural solutions.